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A-Level Chemistry

Bonding: ionic and covalent

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Bonding: ionic and covalent

Navigait original notes. Not a past paper and not affiliated with any exam board. Property questions are won by naming the particles and the force between them.

Atoms form bonds to reach a more stable electron arrangement, often a full outer shell. That sentence is a start, not an answer. Say what happens to the electrons.

Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Metal atoms lose electrons and form positive ions. Non-metal atoms gain electrons and…

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